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Moving towards Bilingual Management
Tomoki Hotta Vice Chancellor Babel University Professional School of Translation Recently there have been boisterous cries from various circles in Japan for transitioning to using English only. Some typical examples are the push for English education beginning in elementary school, offering university lectures in English, and having corporations shift to English as their official corporate language. Viewing these trends, there can be no denying that globalization has greatly impacted Japan. Consider for example the push for creating English only districts – in these extraterritorialities, all interactions (service, business transactions, etc.) would be conducted in English. In this article, let’s look in particular at the effects of globalization on Japan’s corporations. The following information was published in the magazine Bilingual Management Manual by Babel in 2010. In that magazine, I asked readers to look at corporate globalization, tracking its evolutionary process (one might question whether this has been a process of evolution or retrogression), and through theory and practice, consider what is demanded at each of the following stages of corporate globalization. The four stages of corporate globalization are: 1. Domestic stage 2. International stage 3. Multinational stage 4. Globally integrated stage In general, corporations start off manufacturing, selling, and marketing domestically. In the second stage, corporations shift to manufacturing and selling overseas. In this stage, all functions are consolidated at corporate headquarters, while overseas subsidiaries are in charge of manufacturing, selling and other commercial activities. In the third stage, corporations delegate more authority to overseas subsidiaries, consolidating common functions at domestic headquarters. In this stage corporations establish autonomous subsidiaries. In the fourth and final stage, corporations become one global enterprise, where functions are dispersed to the most suitable geographic locations and management resources are procured at optimal sites. As for transitioning to English for business communication within corporations, I understand this to refer bilingual communication. Even if my understanding is incorrect, I don’t want to consider transitioning to English – as some corporations do – as meaning all English. Those corporations that do announce that they are transitioning to English are in actuality implementing what appears to be bilingual management in Japanese and English. Some of these corporations have even expanded to trilingual or multilingual management. Delving further into the matter, the question of transitioning to English and its outcomes is better understood when viewed at a national level. The transition by countries to make English the national language – which includes higher education – has typically resulted in those countries becoming dependent upon Britain and the US. I will refrain from mentioning country names to avoid controversy, but I would like to point out that several Asian countries have headed in that direction. This has invariably led to submission to Britain and the US and creating countries devoid of their own cultural roots. Japan should learn from these past examples, and soberly consider the position it currently faces. During its modernization in the Meiji period, Japan used translation to indigenize intellectual concepts, creating an environment where all citizens had access to the world’s innovative knowledge. During this period where one false move could endanger Japan’s very independence, Japan avoided the argument for making English the national language, relying on translation instead to achieve modernization. Japan is a rare country in that its higher education is conducted in its own language. Japan has not only overwhelmed other Asian countries, but shown itself to rival the US and Britain when it comes to the number of Nobel prizes won in the fields of science and technology. So just what does all of this signify? Don’t these facts show the potential of the intellectual infrastructure of Japanese, Japanese culture, and the Japanese people? Take Japanese/English bilingual communication that takes place in Japanese corporations. This can be viewed as a way of increasing competiveness. In other words, one could call this a more positive version of a “non-tariff barrier”. In order to avoid creating any misunderstandings, let me be clear. I am not insinuating that corporate employees don’t need to learn English. Instead, employees should strive even more fervently to learn English – but do so in a more effective manner. While I will refrain from going into further detail in this article, I hope to address this topic as a series of articles in the near future. Getting back on topic, if Japanese corporations plan on transitioning to English and becoming British or US corporations, there is no need to speak any further on the subject. However, if Japanese corporations want to conduct business that is rooted in Japan, those corporations should adhere to using translation as a method similar to that of their predecessors, and strive for bilingual management. Although the magazine Bilingual Management Manual was published seven years ago, the fundamental principles presented in that magazine remain quite relevant today. Indeed, it’s probably more accurate to say that as globalization has changed its trajectory, the reality of the situation has caught up with this way of thinking. This is why Babel Group, united with its US based corporation Babel Corporation, strives to continually promote and support bilingual and multilingual management through translation, documenting, interpreting, and compatibility training for various languages and cultures. From The Professional Translator (issue 185)